What is a Pem file and how does it differ from other OpenSSL Generated Key File Formats?

SSL has been around for long enough you’d think that there would be agreed upon container formats. And you’re right, there are. Too many standards as it happens. In the end, all of these are different ways to encode Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1) formatted data — which happens to be the format x509 certificates are defined in — in machine-readable ways.

  • .csr – This is a Certificate Signing Request. Some applications can generate these for submission to certificate-authorities. The actual format is PKCS10 which is defined in RFC 2986. It includes some/all of the key details of the requested certificate such as subject, organization, state, whatnot, as well as the public key of the certificate to get signed. These get signed by the CA and a certificate is returned. The returned certificate is the public certificate (which includes the public key but not the private key), which itself can be in a couple of formats.
  • .pem – Defined in RFC 1422 (part of a series from 1421 through 1424) this is a container format that may include just the public certificate (such as with Apache installs, and CA certificate files /etc/ssl/certs), or may include an entire certificate chain including public key, private key, and root certificates. Confusingly, it may also encode a CSR (e.g. as used here) as the PKCS10 format can be translated into PEM. The name is from Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM), a failed method for secure email but the container format it used lives on, and is a base64 translation of the x509 ASN.1 keys.
  • .key – This is a (usually) PEM formatted file containing just the private-key of a specific certificate and is merely a conventional name and not a standardized one. In Apache installs, this frequently resides in /etc/ssl/private. The rights on these files are very important, and some programs will refuse to load these certificates if they are set wrong.
  • .pkcs12 .pfx .p12 – Originally defined by RSA in the Public-Key Cryptography Standards (abbreviated PKCS), the “12” variant was originally enhanced by Microsoft, and later submitted as RFC 7292. This is a password-protected container format that contains both public and private certificate pairs. Unlike .pem files, this container is fully encrypted. Openssl can turn this into a .pem file with both public and private keys: openssl pkcs12 -in file-to-convert.p12 -out converted-file.pem -nodes

A few other formats that show up from time to time:

  • .der – A way to encode ASN.1 syntax in binary, a .pem file is just a Base64 encoded .der file. OpenSSL can convert these to .pem (openssl x509 -inform der -in to-convert.der -out converted.pem). Windows sees these as Certificate files. By default, Windows will export certificates as .DER formatted files with a different extension. Like…
  • .cert .cer .crt – A .pem (or rarely .der) formatted file with a different extension, one that is recognized by Windows Explorer as a certificate, which .pem is not.
  • .p7b .keystore – Defined in RFC 2315 as PKCS number 7, this is a format used by Windows for certificate interchange. Java understands these natively, and often uses .keystore as an extension instead. Unlike .pem style certificates, this format has a defined way to include certification-path certificates.
  • .crl – A certificate revocation list. Certificate Authorities produce these as a way to de-authorize certificates before expiration. You can sometimes download them from CA websites.

In summary, there are four different ways to present certificates and their components:

  • PEM – Governed by RFCs, used preferentially by open-source software because it is text-based and therefore less prone to translation/transmission errors. It can have a variety of extensions (.pem, .key, .cer, .cert, more)
  • PKCS7 – An open standard used by Java and supported by Windows. Does not contain private key material.
  • PKCS12 – A Microsoft private standard that was later defined in an RFC that provides enhanced security versus the plain-text PEM format. This can contain private key and certificate chain material. Its used preferentially by Windows systems, and can be freely converted to PEM format through use of openssl.
  • DER – The parent format of PEM. It’s useful to think of it as a binary version of the base64-encoded PEM file. Not routinely used very much outside of Windows.

Reference

https://serverfault.com/questions/9708/what-is-a-pem-file-and-how-does-it-differ-from-other-openssl-generated-key-file

Using Razor, how do I render a Boolean to a JavaScript variable?

This is our C# model;

public class Foo
{
  public bool IsAllowed {get; set;} = false;
}

We would like to read this property in JS;

let isAllowed = '@Model.IsAllowed' === '@true';
if (isAllowed)
{
    console.log('Allowed reading..');
}
else
{
    console.log('Reading not allowed..');
}

Reference

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14448604/using-razor-how-do-i-render-a-boolean-to-a-javascript-variable

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean

Uninstall and Reinstall Angular

We are interested in a specific angular version and NOT in a specific angular-cli version (angular-cli is just a tool after all).

Here are the steps (All these steps are done in npm);

If you’re not sure of the angular-cli version installed in your environment, uninstall it.

npm uninstall -g @angular/cli

Then, run (–force flag might be required).

npm cache clean

or, if you’re using npm > 5.

npm cache verify

Install an angular-cli specific version.

npm install -g @angular/cli@wished.version.here

Create a project

ng new you-app-name

The resulting white app will be created in the desired angular version.

I have not found any page displaying the compatibility matrix of angular and angular-cli. So I guess the only way to know what angular-cli version should be installed is to try various versions, create a new project and checkout the package.json to see which angular version is used.

angular versions changelog Here is the changelog from github reposition, where you can check available versions and the differences.

Reference

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43344600/how-to-install-a-specific-version-of-angular-with-angular-cli

Angular 17 Local Install

Follow Steps To Install Angular CLI locally.

Disclaimer: I have Angular 16 Installed Globally. and will be installing 17 Locally (To install globally, follow this)

Create a folder in your local drive, say AngularTest. 

> mkdir AngularTest
> cd AngularTest

Install your angular version (Make sure while installation you are not using -g at the end of the installation command);

> npm install @angular/cli@  (for any other version)
> npm install @angular/cli   (for current version)

Type following command in your AngularTest folder to confirm your version

> ng version

This will list down version for Angular CLI, Node, Package Manager and OS. If Angular is not compatible with Node, you will see a yellow message at the bottom of window. In that case you need to figure out correct node version for Angular.

Cheers!

You may be interested in Angular Getting Started Guide.

If you want to uninstall angular, follow this