jQuery.param()

Create a serialized representation of an array, a plain object, or a jQuery object suitable for use in a URL query string or Ajax request. In case a jQuery object is passed, it should contain input elements with name/value properties.

// <=1.3.2:
$.param({ a: [ 2, 3, 4 ] }); // "a=2&a=3&a=4"
// >=1.4:
$.param({ a: [ 2, 3, 4 ] }); // "a[]=2&a[]=3&a[]=4"
 
// <=1.3.2:
$.param({ a: { b: 1, c: 2 }, d: [ 3, 4, { e: 5 } ] });
// "a=[object+Object]&d=3&d=4&d=[object+Object]"
 
// >=1.4:
$.param({ a: { b: 1, c: 2 }, d: [ 3, 4, { e: 5 } ] });
// "a[b]=1&a[c]=2&d[]=3&d[]=4&d[2][e]=5"

Reference

Read more on jQuery Web site

Upgrade Debian from bullseye to bookworm and PVE7 to PVE8

Here is a short checklist to upgrade Debian to latest bookworm version;

Proxmox update goes with Debian Latest stable version. I am running BullEye and need to upgrade to BookWorm.

Run checklist (a small script that comes with Proxmox):

pve7to8

Fix errors and warnings reported by above script.

Next change repositories for Debian and Proxmos;

1. update the configured APT repositories
   apt update
   apt dist-upgrade
   pveversion

   This should report at least 7.4-15 or newer version.

2. CEPH
   nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list
   make sure there is just one entry.
	

3. Bulleye to BookWorm
   nano /etc/apt/sources.list
   or better, run this command to search and replace bullye to
   bookworm

   sed -i 's/bullseye/bookworm/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
   Output
   ------
   # security updates
   #deb http://security.debian.org bookworm-security main contrib

   # My repo changes
   deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free
   deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free contrib
   # security updates
   deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free

   # PVE pve-no-subscription repository provided by proxmox.com,
   # NOT recommended for production use
   deb http://download.proxmox.com/debian/pve bookworm pve-no-subscription

4. APT Repositorys
   I don't have special repositories here. so don't worry about this.

Install this package if using EFI to boot box;

apt install grub-efi-amd64

To clear CEPH warnings, reset Ceph monitor on VM.

Remove any used packages with this command;

apt autoremove

Re-run scan;

pve7to8

Make sure to disable enterprise library if using evaluation version;

modify enterprise repo;

nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pve-enterprise.list

and add a # at the beginning. Save this file

Restart your nodes one by one.

References

https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Upgrade_from_7_to_8

https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Ceph_Nautilus_to_Octopus

What is a Pem file and how does it differ from other OpenSSL Generated Key File Formats?

SSL has been around for long enough you’d think that there would be agreed upon container formats. And you’re right, there are. Too many standards as it happens. In the end, all of these are different ways to encode Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1) formatted data — which happens to be the format x509 certificates are defined in — in machine-readable ways.

  • .csr – This is a Certificate Signing Request. Some applications can generate these for submission to certificate-authorities. The actual format is PKCS10 which is defined in RFC 2986. It includes some/all of the key details of the requested certificate such as subject, organization, state, whatnot, as well as the public key of the certificate to get signed. These get signed by the CA and a certificate is returned. The returned certificate is the public certificate (which includes the public key but not the private key), which itself can be in a couple of formats.
  • .pem – Defined in RFC 1422 (part of a series from 1421 through 1424) this is a container format that may include just the public certificate (such as with Apache installs, and CA certificate files /etc/ssl/certs), or may include an entire certificate chain including public key, private key, and root certificates. Confusingly, it may also encode a CSR (e.g. as used here) as the PKCS10 format can be translated into PEM. The name is from Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM), a failed method for secure email but the container format it used lives on, and is a base64 translation of the x509 ASN.1 keys.
  • .key – This is a (usually) PEM formatted file containing just the private-key of a specific certificate and is merely a conventional name and not a standardized one. In Apache installs, this frequently resides in /etc/ssl/private. The rights on these files are very important, and some programs will refuse to load these certificates if they are set wrong.
  • .pkcs12 .pfx .p12 – Originally defined by RSA in the Public-Key Cryptography Standards (abbreviated PKCS), the “12” variant was originally enhanced by Microsoft, and later submitted as RFC 7292. This is a password-protected container format that contains both public and private certificate pairs. Unlike .pem files, this container is fully encrypted. Openssl can turn this into a .pem file with both public and private keys: openssl pkcs12 -in file-to-convert.p12 -out converted-file.pem -nodes

A few other formats that show up from time to time:

  • .der – A way to encode ASN.1 syntax in binary, a .pem file is just a Base64 encoded .der file. OpenSSL can convert these to .pem (openssl x509 -inform der -in to-convert.der -out converted.pem). Windows sees these as Certificate files. By default, Windows will export certificates as .DER formatted files with a different extension. Like…
  • .cert .cer .crt – A .pem (or rarely .der) formatted file with a different extension, one that is recognized by Windows Explorer as a certificate, which .pem is not.
  • .p7b .keystore – Defined in RFC 2315 as PKCS number 7, this is a format used by Windows for certificate interchange. Java understands these natively, and often uses .keystore as an extension instead. Unlike .pem style certificates, this format has a defined way to include certification-path certificates.
  • .crl – A certificate revocation list. Certificate Authorities produce these as a way to de-authorize certificates before expiration. You can sometimes download them from CA websites.

In summary, there are four different ways to present certificates and their components:

  • PEM – Governed by RFCs, used preferentially by open-source software because it is text-based and therefore less prone to translation/transmission errors. It can have a variety of extensions (.pem, .key, .cer, .cert, more)
  • PKCS7 – An open standard used by Java and supported by Windows. Does not contain private key material.
  • PKCS12 – A Microsoft private standard that was later defined in an RFC that provides enhanced security versus the plain-text PEM format. This can contain private key and certificate chain material. Its used preferentially by Windows systems, and can be freely converted to PEM format through use of openssl.
  • DER – The parent format of PEM. It’s useful to think of it as a binary version of the base64-encoded PEM file. Not routinely used very much outside of Windows.

Reference

https://serverfault.com/questions/9708/what-is-a-pem-file-and-how-does-it-differ-from-other-openssl-generated-key-file

Using Razor, how do I render a Boolean to a JavaScript variable?

This is our C# model;

public class Foo
{
  public bool IsAllowed {get; set;} = false;
}

We would like to read this property in JS;

let isAllowed = '@Model.IsAllowed' === '@true';
if (isAllowed)
{
    console.log('Allowed reading..');
}
else
{
    console.log('Reading not allowed..');
}

Reference

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14448604/using-razor-how-do-i-render-a-boolean-to-a-javascript-variable

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean

Uninstall and Reinstall Angular

We are interested in a specific angular version and NOT in a specific angular-cli version (angular-cli is just a tool after all).

Here are the steps (All these steps are done in npm);

If you’re not sure of the angular-cli version installed in your environment, uninstall it.

npm uninstall -g @angular/cli

Then, run (–force flag might be required).

npm cache clean

or, if you’re using npm > 5.

npm cache verify

Install an angular-cli specific version.

npm install -g @angular/cli@wished.version.here

Create a project

ng new you-app-name

The resulting white app will be created in the desired angular version.

I have not found any page displaying the compatibility matrix of angular and angular-cli. So I guess the only way to know what angular-cli version should be installed is to try various versions, create a new project and checkout the package.json to see which angular version is used.

angular versions changelog Here is the changelog from github reposition, where you can check available versions and the differences.

Reference

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43344600/how-to-install-a-specific-version-of-angular-with-angular-cli